Few Engg. Topics

HEAT PIPES

Seminar Topic related with Heat Pipes
What is Heat Pipes?

A heat pipe is a device that efficiently transports thermal energy from its one point to the other. It utilizes the latent heat of the vaporized working fluid instead of the sensible heat. As a result, the effective thermal conductivity may be several orders of magnitudes higher than that of the good solid conductors.A heat pipe consists of a sealed container, a wick structure, a small amount of working fluid that is just sufficient to saturate the wick and it is in equilibrium with its own vapor. The operating pressure inside the heat pipe is the vapor pressure of its working fluid. The length of the heat pipe can be divided into three parts viz. evaporator section, adiabatic section and condenser section. In a standard heat pipe, the inside of the container is lined with a wicking material. Space for the vapor travel is provided inside the container.




GPRS

What is GPRS?
The full form of the GPRS is General Packet Radio Services.




The General Packet Radio Service GPRS is the new non-voice value added service which allows information to be sent & received across the mobile telephone network. It supplements today’s Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service. GPRS is NOT related to GPS which is also known as the Global Positioning System, which is a similar acronym that is often used in the mobile contexts. GPRS has several unique features which can be summarized as:

SPEED of GPRS: Theoretical maximum speeds of up to 171.2 kilobits per second (kbps) are achievable with GPRS using all eight timeslots at the same time. This is about three times as fast as the data transmission speeds possible over today’s fixed telecommunications networks and ten times as fast as the current Circuit Switched Data services on the GSM networks.

IMMEDIACY of GPRS: GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby information can be sent or received immediately as the need arises, subject to radio coverage. No dial-up modem connection is necessary. This is why GPRS users are sometimes referred to be as being “always connected”.

NEW APPLICATIONS, BETTER APPLICATIONS: GPRS facilitates several new applications that have not previously been available over GSM networks due to the limitations in the speed of Circuit Switched Data of 9.6 kbps and message length of Short Message Service of 160 characters. GPRS will fully enable the Internet applications you are used to on your desktop from web browsing to chat over the mobile network.

ars .




BASALT ROCK FIBRE

Seminar on Basalt Rock Fibre
What is Basalt Rock Fiber?

Basalt Fibre which is also known as Basalt Fiber is a material which is made from the extremely fine fibres of the Basalt, which composed of Pyroxene, minerals plagioclase and Olivine.This is very much similar to the Carbon Fibre and the Fibre Glass, which is having better Physicomechanical properties than the fibreglass, but which is being significantly cheaper that the Carbon Fiber. It is also used as the fiber proof textile in the automotive industries and in the Aerospace and also can be used as a composite to produce the products such as the tripods.

Basalt is well known as the rock found in the virtually every country all around the world. Basalt Rock fibres has no toxic reaction with the air or water, are non combustible and the explosion proof. When in contact with the other chemicals they will produce no chemical reactions that may damage health or environment. The Basalt base composites can be replace steel and known reinforced plastics. One kg of basalt reinforces is equals to 9.6 kg of the steel. There seems to be something quite poetic in using a fibre made from the natural rock to the reinforce a material, which may quite reasonably being described as the artificial rock. Raw material for producing basalt fiber is the rock of a volcanic origin.

Fibers are received by melting the basalt stones down at temperature of 1400ºC. Melted basalt mass will passes through a platinum bushing and is extended into the fibres. Basalt Rock fibre special properties reduce cost of the products whilst improving their performance. Scope is: Low cost, high performance basalt fibres offers the potential to solve largest problem in cement and the concrete industry, cracking & structural failure of the concrete.The Basalt fibre which is reinforced concrete could become leading reinforcement system in world for reducing road wear, minimizing cracking,lowering maintenance, improving concrete product life & replacement costs and minimizing the concrete industry law suits. It was therefore with considerable interest that the use of the basalt fibers as the reinforcing material for concrete. We propose here to investigate usage of the Basalt fibres in the low cost composites for the civil infrastructure applications requiring excellent mechanical support properties and the long lifetimes. Because of higher performance - strength, temperature range & durability and the lower potential cost predicted for the basalt fibers. They have the potential to the cost effectively replace aramid, fiberglass, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, steel fiber and carbon fiber products in the many applications.

And finally we can conclude that, Basalt Rock Fibre will be a very good topic in the field of the Civil Engineering Seminar Topics and also a very good Paper Presentation Topic.




WiMAX

WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
What is WiMAX?
WiMAX is a Telecommunications technology that provides Wireless transmission using a variety of transmission modes. It is from point to point links to portable internet access.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, Broadband technology has rapidly become an established, global commodity required by a high percentage of the population. The demand has risen rapidly, with a worldwide installed base of 57 million lines in 2002 rising to an estimated 80 million lines by the end of 2003. This healthy growth curve is expected to continue steadily over the next few years and reach the 200 million mark by 2006. DSL operators, who initially focused their deployments in densely-populated urban and metropolitan areas, are now challenged to provide broadband services in suburban and rural areas where new markets are quickly taking root. Governments are prioritizing broadband as a key political objective for all citizens to overcome the “broadband gap” also known as “digital divide”.
Wireless DSL (WDSL) offers an effective, complementary solution to wireline DSL, allowing DSL operators to provide broadband service to additional areas and populations that would otherwise find themselves outside the broadband loop. Government regulatory bodies are realizing the inherent worth in wireless technologies as a means for solving digital-divide challenges in the last mile and have accordingly initiated a deregulation process in recent years for both licensed and unlicensed bands to support this application. Recent technological advancements and the formation of a global standard and interoperability forum - WiMAX, set the stage for WDSL to take a significant role in the broadband market. Revenues from services delivered via Broadband Wireless Access have already reached $323 million and are expected to jump to $1.75 billion.

INTRODUCTION
There are several ways to get a fast Internet connection to the middle of nowhere. Until not too long ago, the only answer would have been “cable” — that is, laying lines. Cable TV companies, who would be the ones to do this, had been weighing the costs and benefits. However this would have taken years for the investment to pay off. So while cable companies might be leading the market for broadband access to most people (of the 41% of Americans who have high-speed Internet access, almost two-thirds get it from their cable company), they don’t do as well to rural areas. And governments that try to require cable companies to lay the wires find themselves battling to force the companies to take new customers.
Would DSL be a means of achieving this requisite of broadband and bridging the digital divide?
The lines are already there, but the equipment wasn’t always the latest and greatest, even then. Sending voice was not a matter of big concern, but upgrading the system to handle DSL would mean upgrading the central offices that would have to handle the data coming from all those farms.
The most rattling affair is that there are plenty of places in cities that can’t handle DSL, let alone the country side. Despite this, we’ll still read about new projects to lay cable out to smaller communities, either by phone companies, cable companies, or someone else. Is this a waste of money? Probably because cables are on their way out. Another way to get broadband to rural communities is the way many folks get their TV: satellite, which offers download speeds of about 500 Kbps —faster than a modem, but at best half as fast as DSL — through a satellite dish. But you really, really have to want it. The system costs $600 to start, then $60 a month by the services provided by DIRECWAY in the US.
There are other wireless ways to get broadband access.
MCI (”Microwave Communications Inc.”) was originally formed to compete with AT & T by using microwave towers to transmit voice signals across the US. Unlike a radio (or a Wi-Fi connection), those towers send the signal in a straight line —unidirectional instead of omni directional. That’s sometimes called fixed wireless or point-to-point wireless. One popular standard for this is called LMDS: local multipoint distribution system. Two buildings up to several miles apart would have microwave antennas pointing at each other. One (in, say, the urban area) would be connected to the Internet in the usual way, via some kind of wire; the other (in the rural area you want to connect) would send and receive data over the microwave link, and then be connected to homes and farms via cables. Those cables would be much shorter and less expensive, with the bulk of the transmission being done through the ether.

WiMAX:
WiMax delivers broadband to a large area via towers, just like cell phones. This enables your laptop to have high-speed access in any of the hot spots. Instead of yet another cable coming to your home, there would be yet another antenna on the cell-phone tower. This is definitely a point towards broadband service in rural areas. First get the signal to the area, either with a single cable (instead of one to each user) or via a point-to-point wireless system. Then put up a tower or two, and the whole area is online. This saves the trouble of digging lots of trenches, or of putting up wires that are prone to storm damage.
However there is one promising technology that still uses cables to deliver a broadband signal to, well, wherever. It doesn’t require laying any new wires (like cable Internet), and it doesn’t require overhauling a lot of existing systems (like DSL).It’s BPL: (broadband over power lines). As the name suggests, it piggybacks a high speed data signal on those ubiquitous power lines. Those aren’t the low-voltage ones that come to your house, but the medium-voltages ones that travel from neighborhood to neighborhood. The signal, like those power lines, can travel a long way thanks to “regenerators” that not only pass the data along, but clean the signal so it doesn’t degrade over distance. That means the signal can travel as long as the lines do. Those regenerators can also include Wi-Fi antennas, so if you space them properly they can be placed near homes and farms and whatnot. You can also connect a cable to one to take the signal to the door if you don’t feel like going the W-Fi way.
However there have been certain hiccups in the case of BPL. Unlike some early (and ongoing) attempts to do Internet through power lines, BPL doesn’t go into individual homes. That’s because in order to do so, the signal would have to make its way through a transformer and through a circuit-breaker box, both of which play havoc with it. The result is that the data get through, but much more slowly than leaving the power line before the transformer.
Combine BPL with Wi-Fi, WiMAX, or even (short) cables, and we have an inexpensive way to get the power of the Internet down on the farm using the power of power.
WiMAX is revolutionizing the broadband wireless world, enabling the formation of a global mass-market wireless industry. Putting the WiMAX revolution in the bigger context of the broadband industry, this paper portrays the recent acceleration stage of the Broadband Wireless Access market, determined by the need for broadband connectivity.




WAP

Seminar Topic related with WAP
What is WAP?

ABSTRACT
WAP bridges the gap between the wireless mobile world and the internet. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) , is a collection of protocols and transport layers which allow mobile and portable communication devices such as mobile phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA’s), to receive information over the airwaves such as personal computers users obtain information over the internet. . WAP is simply a protocol- a standardized way that a mobile phone talks to a server installed in the mobile phone network.
INTRODUCTION
WAP is a hot topic that has been widely hyped in the mobile industry and outside of it. It has become imperative for all Information Technology companies in Nordic countries and beyond to have a WAP division. Many advertising agencies and “dotcoms” have announced WAP services. From the user’s perspective, using WAP is much like surfing the net on a personal computer; the mobile device is fitted with a small, or not so small, display which can be used just like a desktop browser. Information sources can be selected which are then downloaded and their content is displayed. Hyper Text links and buttons can then be pressed to move around from page to page in a very simple way. In this respect, there is very little difference between WAP browsing and desktop surfing, but, behind the scenes there are considerable differences because of the medium through which the information must travel, over radio waves rather than along hard-wired or telephone lines.
Importance of WAP
It provides a standardized way of linking the Internet to mobile phones, thereby linking two of the hottest industries anywhere.
Its founder members include the major wireless vendors of Nokia, Ericsson and Motorola, plus a newcomer Phone.com.
Compared to the wired networks there are many constraints in this wireless world.
* Less band width
* More latency
* Less connection stability
* Less predictable availability
Inorder to meet the requirements for mobile operations the solutions must be:
1) Inter operable - terminals from different manufacturers are able to communicate with the services in the mobile networks.
2) Scalable - mobile network operators are able to scale services to customer needs.
3) Efficient - provides quality of services suited to the behavior and characteristics of the mobile world.
4) Reliable - provides a consistent and predictable platform for deploying services.
5) Secure - enables services to be extended over potentially unprotected mobile networks while still preserving the integrity of user data, protects the devices and services from security problems such as denial of service.
WAP also has its detractors and controversies:
It is very difficult to configure WAP phones for new WAP services, with 20 or so different parameters needing to be entered to gain access to a WAP service.
Compared with the installed base of Short Message Service (SMS) compliant phones, the relative number of handsets supporting WAP is tiny. WAP is a protocol that runs on top of an underlying bearer. None of the existing GSM bearers for WAP- the Short Message Service (SMS), Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) and Circuit Switched Data (CSD) are optimized for WAP.
There are many WAP Gateway vendors out there competing against each other with largely the same standardized product. This has led to consolidation such as the pending acquisition of APiON by Phone.com.
Other protocols such as SIM Application Toolkit and Mobile Station Application Execution Environment (MexE) are respectively already widely supported or designed to supercede WAP.
WAP services are expected to be expensive to use since the tendency is to be on-line for a long Circuit Switched Data (CSD) call as the end user uses features such as interactivity and selection of more information. Without specific tariff initiatives, there are likely to be some surprised WAP users when they see their mobile phone bill for the first time after starting using WAP.
The Wireless Application Protocol embraces and extends the previously conceived and developed wireless data protocols. Phone.com created a version of the standard HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) Internet protocols designed specifically for effective and cost-effective information transfer across mobile networks. Wireless terminals incorporated a HDML (Handheld Device Markup Language) microbrowser, and Phone.com’s Handheld Device Transport Protocol (HDTP) then linked the terminal to the UP. Link Server Suite which connected to the Internet or intranet where the information being requested resides. The Internet site content was tagged with HDML.
This technology was incorporated into WAP- and renamed using some of the many WAP-related acronyms such as WMLS, WTP and WSP. Someone with a WAP-compliant phone uses the in-built microbrowser to:
1. Make a request in WML (Wireless Markup Language), a language derived from HTML especially for wireless network characteristics.
2. This request is passed to a WAP Gateway that then retrieves the information from an Internet server either in standard HTML format or preferably directly prepared for wireless terminals using WML. If the content being retrieved is in HTML format, a filter in the WAP Gateway may try to translate it into WML. A WML scripting language is available to format data such as calendar entries and electronic business cards for direct incorporation into the client device.
3. The requested information is then sent from the WAP Gateway to the WAP client, using whatever mobile network bearer service is available and most appropriate…..




NANAOTECHNOLOGY

Introduction to the Seminar on Nanotechnology
1.Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale precision.
2.Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nanometers (nm) are considered to be products of nanotechnology.
3. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9 m) and is the unit of length that is generally most appropriate for describing the size of single molecules.
4.The first revolutionary applications of nanotechnology will be in computer science and medicine.

Nanotechnology in IT Field
1.A branch of computer science that is allowing rapid progress to be made in nanotechnology is the computer simulation of molecular scale events.
2. Molecular simulation is able to provide and predict data about molecular systems that would normally require enormous effort to obtain physically.
3.By organizing virtual atoms in a molecular simulation environment, one can effectively model nanoscale systems.
4.For nanoscale systems, simulations and theory infact have provided novel properties that has led to new designs, materials and systems for nanotechnology applications.
EXAMPLE:carbon nanotubes applications in molecular electronics

Nanotechnology in Medical Field

Molecular medicine, bioinformatics and biomolecular nanotechnology are rapidly increasing our ability to heal and stay healthy.

BIOTECHNOLOGY:
1. All living organisms are composed of molecules, molecular biology has become the primary focus of biotechnology.
2.Living systems are able to live because of the vast amount of highly ordered molecular machinery from which they are built.
3.The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information required to build a living cell or organism is stored in the DNA.
4.This information is transferred from the DNA to the proteins by the processes called transcription and translation.
5.Molecular biology is a field in which the study of these interactions has led to the discovery of numerous pharmaceuticals that have been enormously effective in curing disease.

ROLE OF NANOTECH:
1.First of all it shows the abilities of molecular scale machinery. Copying, borrowing and learning tricks from nature is one of the primary techniques used by nanotechnology and has been termed biomimetics.
2. Secondly, our ability to design synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural molecular machinery gives us an enormous potential for curing disease and preserving life.

Nanotechnology in Robotics

NANOROBOTS:
Nanorobots are theoretical microscopic devices measured on the scale of nanometers.
Nanomedicine:
1.Nanorobots are so tiny that they can easily traverse the human body. Scientists report the exterior of a nanorobot will likely be constructed of carbon atoms in a diamondoid structure because of its inert properties and strength.
2.Glucose or natural body sugars and oxygen might be a source for propulsion, and the nanorobot will have other biochemical or molecular parts depending on its task.
3.Nanorobots will possess at least rudimentary two-way communication; will respond to acoustic signals; and will be able to receive power or
even re-programming instructions from an external source via sound waves.
4.A network of special stationary nanorobots might be strategically positioned throughout the body, logging each active nanorobot as it passes, then reporting those results, allowing an interface to keep track of all of the devices in the body.
5. A doctor could not only monitor a patient’s progress but change the instructions of the nanorobots in vivo to progress to another stage of healing. When the task is completed, the nanorobots would be flushed from the body.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT Molecular nanotechnology (MNT).
1.Robert A. Freitas Jr., nanomedicine, envisions nanorobots manufactured in nanofactories is an example of one type of medical nanorobot he has designed that would act as a red blood cell.
2.The entire nanorobot which Freitas dubbed a respirocyte, consists of 18-billion atoms and can hold up to 9-billion O2 and CO2 molecules, or just over 235 times the capacity of a human red blood cell.
3.This increased capacity is made possible because of the diamond structure supports greater pressures than a human cell.
4.Sensors on the nanorobot would trigger the molecular rotors to either release gasses, or collect them, depending on the needs of the surrounding tissues.
5. A healthy dose of these nanorobots injected into a patient in solution, Freitas explains, would allow someone to comfortably sit underwater near the drain of the backyard pool for nearly four hours, or run at full speed for 15 minutes before taking a breath.

ADVANTAGE:-
1.Raw material for making the nanorobots would be nearly cost-free, and the process virtually pollution-free, making nanorobots an extremely affordable and highly attractive technology.
2.nanorobots applied to medicine hold a wealth of promise from eradicating disease to reversing the aging process (wrinkles, loss of bone mass and age-related conditions are all treatable at the cellular level.
3.In great swarms they might clean the air of carbon dioxide, repair the hole in the ozone, scrub the water of pollutants, and restore our ecosystems.

Nanotechnology in Electronics

1.As transistors such as the Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET ) one of the primary components used in integrated circuits) is made smaller, both its properties and manufacturing expense change with the scale.
2.Currently, Ultraviolet light is used to create the silicon circuits with a lateral resolution around 200 nm (the wavelength of ultraviolet light).
3.As the circuits shrink below 100 nm new fabrication methods must be created, resulting in increasing costs.
4.Furthermore, once the circuit size reaches only a few nanometers, quantum effects such as tunneling begin to become important, which drastically changes the ability for the computers to function normally.
5. Thus, novel methods for computer chip fabrication have been and are being intensely sought by microchip manufactures.

Nano Mirrors

1.The objective is to quantify aerial image in terms of important parameters such as normalized image log slope, contrast, and spots/min feature size, to come up with the most robust method of gray-scaled pattern generation using analog modulation of micromirrors.

Nanosprings (Belts)

1.The objective is to quantify aerial image in terms of important parameters such as normalized image log slope, contrast, and spots/min feature size, to come up with the most robust method of gray-scaled pattern generation using analog modulation of micromirrors.

Nanotubes & Nanobearings

1.This is a computer-rendered model of a partially telescoped nanotube with a Leonardo DaVinci manuscript as the background.
2.In the manuscript, DaVinci considers the construction of bearings, and also the frictional forces that might be encountered in bearings and sliding surfaces.
3. He also has a drawing of a constant force spring (a mass hanging from a cord over a pulley).
4. A nanotube bearing may be the ultimate realization of some of DaVinci's dreams:
Here is the same model without the DaVinci manuscript in the background

NANOMOTOR

1. The small Nanomotor is half the size of a match stick.
2.It can lift six times of its own mass. The dynamic force of this Nanomotor is so high that even imprints in diamond surfaces can be produced.
3.Special versions of the Nanomotor can operate in ultra high vacuum, in liquid helium, even under water or as non-magnetic drives.







GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION

Seminar related with Gasoline Direct Injection
What is Gasoline Direct Injection?

ABSTRACT


Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology has received considerable attention over the last few years as a way to significantly improve fuel efficiency without making a major shift away from conventional internal combustion technology. In many respects, GDI technology represents a further step in the natural evolution of gasoline engine fueling systems. Each step of this evolution, from mechanically based carburetion, to throttle body fuel injection, through multi-point and finally sequential multi-point fuel injection, has taken advantage of improvements in fuel injector and electronic control technology to achieve incremental gains in the control of internal combustion engines. Further advancements in these technologies, as well as continuing evolutionary advancements in combustion chamber and intake valve design and combustion chamber flow dynamics, have permitted the production of GDI engines for automotive applications. Mitsubishi, Toyota and Nissan all market four- stroke GDI engines in Japan.


Major Objectives of the GDI engine


• Ultra-low fuel consumption that betters that of even diesel engines• Superior power to conventional MPI engines
Sophisticated high-pressure injectors capable of producing very fine, well-defined fuel sprays, coupled with advanced charge air control techniques, now make stable GDI combustion feasible. There are impediments to widespread GDI introduction, however, especially in compliance with stringent emission standards. This report addresses both the efficiencies inherent in GDI technology and the emissions constraints that must be addressed before GDI can displace current spark-ignition engine technology.
In this seminar I am intending to familiarize the working of this technology, which has the capability to become the turning point in the development of diesel engine technology


WHY NOT CARBURETTOR?


All Internal combustion engines burn fuel in air and every fuel has ideal air ratio at which it will ignite or burn as completely as possible. The challenge that faces engineers is to introduce the perfect or precise proportions of fuel and air required for complete combustion. This is commonly referred to as the stoichiometric ratio. Petrol has a stoichiometric ratio of 14.7:1(14.7 parts of air with 1 part of fuel by weight). This ratio has to be maintained under the varying engine loads and conditions. The carb earlier did this metering with its ancillaries. But the carb has its limits and though performance and economy with modern carbs were acceptable, a seamless power delivery and emissions often suffered.


Carburetor has following disadvantages

• Vapour lock• Perfect air/fuel mixture cannot be obtained

• Lack of throttle response

• Low volumetric efficiency

• Icing – problem in aircraft engines

• Mechanical device• Compromises on emission.




EXPLOSIVE WELDING

Seminar on Explosive Welding

What is Explosive Welding?

Explosion Welding, which is also known as EXW is the solid state process where the welding is accomplished by accelerating one of components at the extremely high velocity through use of the chemical explosives. This process is most commonly utilized to the clad carbon steel plate with a thin layer of the corrosion resistant material. For example: Nickel Alloy,stainless steel,titanium or zirconium. EXW can produce a bond between the 2 metals that cannot necessarily be welded by the conventional means. The process doesn't melt either metal, instead it plasticizes the surfaces of both the metals, causing them to come into the intimate contact sufficient to create a weld. This is a similar principle to the other non fusion welding techniques, a group that includes the friction welding & inertial welding. Large areas can be bonded extremely quickly & the weld itself is very clean, because the surface material of both the metals is violently expelled during the reaction. EXW can also be referred to as the explosive welding, explosive bonding, or explosive cladding.







EXPLOSIVE WELDING

Seminar on Explosive Welding

What is Explosive Welding?

Explosion Welding, which is also known as EXW is the solid state process where the welding is accomplished by accelerating one of components at the extremely high velocity through use of the chemical explosives. This process is most commonly utilized to the clad carbon steel plate with a thin layer of the corrosion resistant material. For example: Nickel Alloy,stainless steel,titanium or zirconium. EXW can produce a bond between the 2 metals that cannot necessarily be welded by the conventional means. The process doesn't melt either metal, instead it plasticizes the surfaces of both the metals, causing them to come into the intimate contact sufficient to create a weld. This is a similar principle to the other non fusion welding techniques, a group that includes the friction welding & inertial welding. Large areas can be bonded extremely quickly & the weld itself is very clean, because the surface material of both the metals is violently expelled during the reaction. EXW can also be referred to as the explosive welding, explosive bonding, or explosive cladding.










FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete?

Fiber Reinforced Concrete which is also known as the FRC. It is a very useful one in now a days. FRC is the concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It also contains the short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed & randomly oriented. Fibres include Glass fibres, Natural Fibres, Synthetic Fibres and Steel Fibres. Within these different fibres that character of the fibre reinforced concrete changes with varying concretes, Geometries, fiber materials, Orientation, distribution, and densities.

Fiber Reinforced Concrete is a very good topic for the Paper Presentations and as the latest Civil Engineering Seminar Topics. FRC is also a very good topic, Engineering Seminars.







BIO DIESEL

Seminar Topic related with Biodiesel
What is Biodiesel?

Diesel engines play a vital role in modern life , but it causes problems like pollution. One solution to avoid the ewin problem of environmental pollution and energy shortage will be a carefully planned gradual shift of our economy from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy. These renewable sources of energy is mainly contributed by fuels of bio-origin.
The fuels of bio-origin may be alcohol,editable and non editable vegetable oils, biomass, biogas etc. Some of these fuels can be used directly while the others need to be formulated to bring the relevant properties close to conventional fuels. Methanol and ethanol are two accepted alternative fuels, which posses the potential to be produced from bio mass resources. But they are not well suited to be used in diesel engines. In the case of alcohol it produces aldehydes and ketones in their exhaust, which creates associated environmental and health problems.
The main alternative fuel in the present is bio-diesel. It is the name of clean burning monoalkyl esters basedoxygenated fue, produced form vegetable oil. These fules contain no petroleum but can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create bio diesel blend. It can be used in the compression ignition engine without any major modification. It is simple to use, biodegradable, non toxic and essentially free of sulphur and aromatic compounds. Biodiesel is renewable and can be produced from agricultural and farm resources.The molecular structure of vegetable oil is similar to that of diesel, but it contains additional oxygen which reduces soot.
Though it has lot of advantages the use of vegetable oil as fuel face many problems.
Viscosity of vegetable oil is very high, which influences the shape of fuel spray. High viscosity causes poor atomization, large droplets and high spray jet penetration. With high viscosities the jet tends to be a solid stream instead of a spray of droplets. As a result proper mixing of fuel doesn’t occur. This results in poor combustion resulting in loss of power and economy.
The problems with use of biodiesel can be divided as :
1) Engine modifications.
- Duel fuelling
- Injection system modification
- Heated fuel lines.
2) Fuel modifications.
- Blending
- Transesterification
- Cracking/pyrolysis
- Hydrogenation to reduce polymerization

The advantages of biodiesel are
Decrease in the smoke density and NOx to a level lower than the baseline diesel engine.
Improvement in brake thermal efficiency.
Flash and fire points are comparatively higher for esters, thus reducing fire hazards.
Higher injection pressure.
Engine shows better performance for blends with diesel rather than pure ester.
Cost of bio diesel production is comparatively more than diesel but it can be reduced by mass production.







BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Seminar on Biomedical Waste Managemnt

What is Biomedical Waste?
Biomedical Waste is the Wastes such are Sharps, Blood and Cultures which can be potentially cause the infection. The improper disposal of the Biomedical Waste can be leeds to the transmission of the infectious agents.

What is Biomedical Waste Management?
The Biomedical Waste Management Process is Handling,Multilation,Storage, Transportation, Segregation, Disinfiction and the final disposal are the Vital steps for the safe and the Scientific management of the Biomedical Waste in any establishment.
The key thing to the minimisation and the effective management of the biomedical waste is segregation which is also known as the separation and the identification of the waste. The most appropriate way of identifying the categories of the
biomedical waste is by sorting waste into color coded plastic bags or into containers.
The Biomedical Waste should be segregate into containers or bags at the point
of the generation itself.

Here we are giving the different Color Coding and the respective types of Containers and the Waste Categories which should be use for them.

1) Yellow - Plastic bags -Cat 1 human anatomical waste, Cat 2 animal waste, Cat 3 microbiology waste, Cat 6 soiled waste.

2) Red - Disinfected Container Plastic Bags - Cat 3 Microbiological, Cat 6 soiled, Cat 7 solid waste(Waste IV tubes catheters, etc.)

3) Blue/White - Plastic bag or puncture proof Containers -Cat 4 waste sharps, Cat 7 plastic disposable tubings, etc.

4) Black - Plastic bag or puncture proof Containers - Cat 5 discarded medicines, Cat 9 incineration ash, Cat 10 chemical waste